“Power and Interdependence” by Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, originally published in 1977, is a seminal text in international relations that introduces the concept of complex interdependence as an alternative to traditional realism. Keohane and Nye argue that in the modern world, states are not the only significant actors; international organizations, multinational corporations, and other non-state actors also shape global politics. In this interconnected system, military power is no longer the sole or most important form of influence.

The theory of complex interdependence suggests that states are linked through various channels such as economic, environmental, and social ties, making cooperation more necessary and conflict less likely. Under this model, issues like trade, environment, and technology become central to international relations, as opposed to just security concerns. The authors challenge the realist assumption that states are always in competition for power, showing that states are also bound by mutual dependencies that shape their interactions.

Keohane and Nye’s work highlights the increasing importance of diplomacy, international institutions, and soft power in world politics, as opposed to a sole focus on hard, military power. The text remains influential in understanding globalization and cooperation in contemporary international relations.