Islamic History -II-
The Prophet Muhammad’s (PBUH) Migration (Hijrah) in 622 CE, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) migrated from Mecca to Medina.
A History of Muslim Philosophy” is a monumental two-volume work edited by M.M. Sharif, a renowned Pakistani philosopher and scholar. First published in 1963, this comprehensive tome brings together contributions from eminent specialists to provide a sweeping survey of Muslim philosophical thought from the 8th to the 19th century.
“Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics” by Reinhold Niebuhr, published in 1932, examines the contrast between individual morality and collective behavior in society.
“The Prince” by Niccolò Machiavelli, written in 1513, is a political treatise offering practical advice on ruling and maintaining power. Often considered one of the most influential works in political theory, it is notable for its realistic, sometimes ruthless approach to leadership.
“Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace” by Hans J. Morgenthau, first published in 1948 and widely regarded as a classic in international relations theory, presents the foundations of classical realism. Morgenthau argues that international politics is governed by objective laws rooted in human nature, which drives states to seek power and act in their own national interest.
Waltz argues that the behavior of states in the international system is determined primarily by the structure of the system itself, which is anarchic—there is no overarching authority to govern states.
“Theories of International Relations” by Ole R. Holsti is a comprehensive analysis of the major theoretical frameworks that explain the dynamics of global politics. Holsti reviews key theories such as realism, which focuses on the struggle for power and national interest in an anarchic international system, and liberalism, which emphasizes cooperation, international institutions, and the role of democracy.
In Public Administration with Special Reference to Pakistan, Dr. Sultan Khan provides a comprehensive overview of public administration in the context of Pakistan’s unique political, social, and economic challenges. The book explores the historical evolution of administrative structures in Pakistan, emphasizing the influence of colonial legacy, bureaucratic inertia, and political instability.
“The Tragedy of Great Power Politics” by John J. Mearsheimer presents the theory of offensive realism in international relations. Mearsheimer argues that great powers are inherently driven by the desire to dominate the international system, as the international structure compels them to pursue power for survival.
Kant proposes a series of principles for establishing a peaceful international order, starting with the idea that republics, where citizens have a say in governance, are less likely to go to war. He suggests that states should form a federation of free nations, bound by mutual respect and shared legal frameworks, to prevent conflict.