“Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics”

“Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics” by Reinhold Niebuhr, published in 1932, examines the contrast between individual morality and collective behavior in society.

“The Prince” by Niccolò Machiavelli, written in 1513, is a political treatise offering practical advice on ruling and maintaining power. Often considered one of the most influential works in political theory, it is notable for its realistic, sometimes ruthless approach to leadership.

“Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace” by Hans J. Morgenthau, first published in 1948 and widely regarded as a classic in international relations theory, presents the foundations of classical realism. Morgenthau argues that international politics is governed by objective laws rooted in human nature, which drives states to seek power and act in their own national interest.

Waltz argues that the behavior of states in the international system is determined primarily by the structure of the system itself, which is anarchic—there is no overarching authority to govern states.

“Theories of International Relations” by Ole R. Holsti is a comprehensive analysis of the major theoretical frameworks that explain the dynamics of global politics. Holsti reviews key theories such as realism, which focuses on the struggle for power and national interest in an anarchic international system, and liberalism, which emphasizes cooperation, international institutions, and the role of democracy.

This is a widely-used textbook that provides a comprehensive overview of the field of international relations (IR). In its eleventh edition, the book covers foundational concepts, historical developments, and current issues in IR. It addresses major theories like realism, liberalism, and constructivism, explaining how they interpret global politics.

“The Tragedy of Great Power Politics” by John J. Mearsheimer presents the theory of offensive realism in international relations. Mearsheimer argues that great powers are inherently driven by the desire to dominate the international system, as the international structure compels them to pursue power for survival.

Kant proposes a series of principles for establishing a peaceful international order, starting with the idea that republics, where citizens have a say in governance, are less likely to go to war. He suggests that states should form a federation of free nations, bound by mutual respect and shared legal frameworks, to prevent conflict.

“A Working Peace System” (1943) by David Mitrany introduces the concept of functionalism in international relations. Mitrany argues that peace can be achieved not through traditional political alliances or treaties but by creating functional international organizations that address common, practical needs across borders, such as health, communication, or transportation.

The UN Charter, adopted in 1945, establishes the framework for the United Nations’ mission to maintain international peace and security, promote social progress, and ensure human rights.