“A Working Peace System” (1943) by David Mitrany introduces the concept of functionalism in international relations. Mitrany argues that peace can be achieved not through traditional political alliances or treaties but by creating functional international organizations that address common, practical needs across borders, such as health, communication, or transportation. These organizations would gradually foster cooperation, interdependence, and trust among nations. Over time, this practical collaboration would reduce the likelihood of conflict, as nations become more interconnected through shared interests. Mitrany’s approach advocates for the idea that functional cooperation in non-political areas would lead to lasting peace and global unity, challenging traditional notions of sovereignty. His work laid the foundation for later theories of regional integration, including the European Union.